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Resumen La prosocialidad comprende aquellas conductas intencionales que se realizan para el beneficio de otras personas. Entre las variables que tienen una incidencia en la decisión de ayudar, se incluyen los patrones atribucionales: interpretaciones que se realizan sobre las causas de un determinado acontecimiento. El objetivo de este trabajo fue evaluar el rol que tiene la atribución que un individuo realiza sobre una situación de potencial ayuda en la elicitación de la conducta prosocial. A partir de un muestreo intencional, no probabilístico, participaron 359 adolescentes de clase media, de una institución privada de la provincia de Córdoba, Argentina. Se aplicó la Escala de Conducta Prosocial Adolescente y, para la evaluación del estilo atribucional ligado a las conductas de ayuda, se redactaron cuatro situaciones con el objetivo de identificar la atribución causal predominante. Se realizó un ANOVA unifactorial para conocer si la conducta prosocial presenta una variabilidad en función del estilo atribucional. Se encontró que la puntuación promedio de conducta prosocial obtenida por los sujetos con un patrón atribucional externo incontrolable fue significativamente superior al de quienes presentaron un estilo atribucional neutro e interno controlable. Estos hallazgos aportan evidencias a favor de que la conducta es influida por patrones de atribuciones causales. Estos resultados se encuentran en concordancia con estudios previos, los cuales encontraron que las representaciones dinámicas y los modelos mentales sustentados en las propias creencias sobre el mundo, más que los hechos en sí, ejercen un control sobre las acciones que se llevan a cabo.
Abstract Prosociality includes those intentional behaviors that are performed for the benefit of other people. Framed in the field of study of positive psychology, the study of prosocial behavior has deepened in recent years, considering different ways in which it can manifest itself. Examples of this type of actions are volunteering and helping in general, and more specifically, acts of cooperation, positive revaluation of the other, condolence, physical or verbal help in the face of a difficulty, consolation at a time of anguish and the rescue. Several variables have been identified that have an incidence in the decision to help; among these are variables specific to the person, factors that have more to do with early development, and variables from the context. These include attributional patterns, that is, interpretations made about the causes of a particular event. In general, the attributional process arises unconsciously, with little effort and in a quick and spontaneous way. The objective of this work was to evaluate the role of the attribution that an individual makes about a situation of potential help in the elicitation of prosocial behavior. An ex post facto research design was used. An intentional non-probabilistic sampling was carried out, from which 359 middle-class adolescents were selected from a private institution in the province of Córdoba, Argentina. For the evaluation of the help behaviors, the Adolescent Prosocial Behavior Scale was applied. This one-dimensional instrument consists of 30 items written in the first person, which express help behaviors, which must be answered using a five-point Likert type scale, indicating how often such behavior is performed. Then, to know the predominant attributional style linked to the help behaviors, four situations were written that express a problem or a need of a specific person, presenting four response options for each case: two corresponding to an internal style of attribution, and two referring to a non-controllable external attribution. A unifactorial ANOVA was performed to determine if prosocial behavior presents variability depending on the attributional style, whether internal, neutral or external. Regarding the main hypothesis of this study, it was found that the average prosocial behavior score obtained by the subjects who presented an uncontrollable external attributional pattern (. = 3.30; DE = .59) was significantly higher than those who presented a neutral attributional style (. = 3.07; DE = .54) and a controllable internal attributional style (. = 2.98; DE = .56) (. (2 351) = 7.88; . < .000). It was found that those subjects, in whom an uncontrollable external attribution predominated, obtained a higher score in prosocial behavior, since they would be attributing the problematic of the situation posed in the instrument mainly to the context, to the circumstances or to chance. On the contrary, those who chose controllable internal causes as a predominant causal explanation would have a lower tendency to be prosocial, since they would be placing more responsibility on the subject who is in the situation described in the instrument, which would have an unfavorable impact on the carrying out of aid actions. These findings provide evidence in favor of the behavior being influenced by patterns of causal attributions. These results are in agreement with previous studies, which found that dynamic representations and mental models based on beliefs about the world, rather than the facts themselves, exert a control over the actions that are carried out.
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RESUMEN Introducción: El Trastorno depresivo mayor (TDM) es una enfermedad multifactorial en la que, por interacción con diversas variables, se incrementa la vulnerabilidad a padecerla. Diversos modelos han explicado las interacciones, como el de diátesis-estrés. Vivir eventos estresantes no siempre lleva a la aparición del TDM, y se ha planteado que la atribución y la valoración de los eventos estresantes podrían ser un mejor predictor de la aparición de los síntomas. Objetivo: Determinar la asociación y el poder predictivo de la frecuencia y la valoración de eventos vitales estresantes en la presencia de sintomatología del TDM. Métodos: Estudio de casos y controles con 120 pacientes psiquiátricos y 120 personas de la población general. Se utilizó una entrevista clínica estructurada y el Cuestionario de Sucesos Vitales de Sandín y Chorot. Los datos se analizaron con pruebas no paramétricas y regresión logística binaria. Resultados: El grupo de casos obtuvo significativamente más altos en afecto negativo, frecuencia de eventos estresantes, nivel de estrés percibido, valoración negativa de la situación y percepción de no control. El modelo de regresión logística binaria indicó que la baja percepción de control frente al evento estresante es el factor más determinante, seguido por la evaluación negativa del evento. Conclusiones: Las atribuciones realizadas sobre los eventos estresantes son determinantes en la presentación del TDM, en especial la valoración del control percibido frente a los sucesos vitales, en concordancia con los modelos etiológicos del TDM de diátesis cognitiva al estrés.
ABSTRACT Introduction: Major depressive disorder (MDD) is a multifactorial disease in which, due to the interaction of several variables, the vulnerability of suffering from it increases. Several models, such as the diathesis-stress model, have explained these interactions. However, experiencing stressful events does not always lead to the development of MDD, and the attribution and appraisal of stressful events contributing to further development of depression symptoms has been considered as a possible explanation. Objective: To determinate the association and the predictive power of the frequency and appraisal of stressful life events to predict MDD symptomatology. Methods: Case-control study with 120 psychiatric patients and 120 people from the general population. A structured clinical interview and the life events questionnaire (Sandín and Chorcot) were used to evaluate the sample. The data were analysed with non-parametric tests and binary logistic regression. Results: The psychiatric patients reported significantly higher levels of negative affect, frequency of stressful life events, perceived stress, negative appraisal of the situation and lack of perceived control. The binary logistic regression model indicated that poor perception of control of the stressful event is the most determining factor, followed by negative evaluation of the situation. Conclusions: The attributions that are made regarding a stressful event are variables that predict MDD, specifically the assessment of the perceived control over the situation. These results concur with the aetiological models of MDD, such as the cognitive diathesis-stress model.
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Humans , Female , Pregnancy , Adult , Middle Aged , Aged , Psychiatric Status Rating Scales , Depressive Disorder, Major , Signs and Symptoms , Stress, Psychological , Power, Psychological , Disaster Vulnerability , Depression , Disease SusceptibilityABSTRACT
Objective • To explore the relationship among depressive symptoms, attributional style and obsessive-compulsive symptoms in patients with obsessive-compulsive disorder. Methods • Seventy patients with obsessive-compulsive disorder who met the diagnostic criteria of Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (Fourth Edition) (DSM- ) were selected. The Yale-Brown Obsessive-Compulsive Scale (Y-BOCS) was used to evaluate the severity of obsessive-compulsive symptoms, the Beck Depression Inventor- Ⅱ (BDI- Ⅱ ) was used to measure the depressive symptoms, and the Attributional Style Questionnaire (ASQ) was used to measure the attributional style. The correlations among obsessive-compulsive symptoms, depressive symptoms and attributional style as well as the mediating role of obsessive-compulsive symptoms between attributional style and depressive symptoms were analyzed. Results • The globality dimension of negative events in attributional style was positively correlated with obsessive-compulsive symptoms and depressive symptoms (both P<0.05), and obsessive-compulsive symptoms were also positively correlated with depressive symptoms (P=0.000). The mediating effect analysis showed that the mediating role of obsessive-compulsive symptoms between the globality dimension of negative events and depressive symptoms was 0.105 (95%CI 0.031-0.218), with an mediating effect ratio of 44.20%. Conclusion • Obsessive-compulsive symptoms in patients with obsessive-compulsive disorder may play a completely mediating effect between the globality dimension of negative events in attribution style and depressive symptoms.
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BACKGROUND: The purpose of this study is to determine the impact of negative affect (defined in terms of lack of optimism, depressogenic attributional style, and hopelessness depression) on the quality of life of women with type 1 diabetes mellitus. METHODS: Participants (n = 177) completed either an online or paper questionnaire made available to members of Australian diabetes support groups. Measures of optimism, attributional style, hopelessness depression, disease-specific data, and diabetes-related quality of life were sought. Bivariate correlations informed the construction of a structural equation model. RESULTS: Participants were 36.3±11.3 years old, with a disease duration of 18.4±11.2 years. Age and recent glycosylated hemoglobin readings were significant contextual variables in the model. All bivariate associations involving the components of negative affect were as hypothesized. That is, poorer quality of life was associated with a greater depressogenic attributional style, higher hopelessness depression, and lower optimism. The structural equation model demonstrated significant direct effects of depressogenic attributional style and hopelessness depression on quality of life, while (lack of) optimism contributed to quality of life indirectly by way of these variables. CONCLUSION: The recognition of negative affect presentations among patients, and an understanding of its relevance to diabetes-related quality of life, is a valuable tool for the practitioner.
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Female , Humans , Depression , Diabetes Mellitus, Type 1 , Glycated Hemoglobin , Optimism , Quality of Life , Reading , Self-Help GroupsABSTRACT
Objective:To investigate the attentional bias to emotional information in college students with optimistic and pessimistic attributional style.Methods:A total of 83 college students (20 males and 23 females in optimistic group,20 males and 20 females in pessimisticgroup) were recruited online.The 2 cue validity (valid,invalid) × 2 emotional type (positive,negative) × 2 attributional style (optimistic group,pessimistic group) hybrid design was used to investigate the attentional bias to emotional information in college students with optimistic and pessimistic attributional style,adopting the cue-target paradigm.Results:Under valid situation,optimistic group had responded to positive (cue) target faster than pessimistic group [(311.4 ± 26.6) ms vs.(324.1 ±± 47.0) ms,P ＜ 0.05],while there was no significant difference in reaction times (RTs) on negative (cue) target between two groups (P ＞ 0.05).Under invalid situation,optimistic group had responded to negative target faster than pessimistic group [(331.0 ±± 31.7) ms vs.(337.4 ± 50.0) ms,P ＜ 0.05],whereas there was no difference in their RTs to responding to positive target(P ＞ 0.05).Conclusion:It suggests that optimistic individuals and pessimistic individuals respectively have selective attentional bias to positive information and negative information.
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Objective To investigate the relationship between attribution style and negative emotion and personality characteristics of patients with gastric cancer. Methods Toally 62 gastric cancer patients hospitalized in our hospital during Nov. 2015 and May. 2016 were assigned as study group and another 65 healthy people in the same period as control group. The investigation was done among all patients with general situation questionnaire, attributional style questionnaire, neuroticism extraversion openness five-factor inventory, Hamilton anxiety scale and Hamilton depression scale. Results Compared with the control group, the total scores on positive events and each dimension in the case group had no significant difference as compared with the control group, while the score on the negative events was significantly increased (P<0.05). The scores on depression and anxiety in the case group were also significantly higher. The extraversion, neuroticism, conscientiousness, pleasant personality of the study group were significantly higher than those of the control group (P<0.05). The total score on negative events of the study group was negatively correlated with scores of extraversion, neuroticism and pleasant personality (P<0.05), and positively related to depression and anxiety (P<0.01). Conclusions In patients with gastric cancer, the negative event attribution is related with negative emotions postively and personality negatively. The intervened event attributional style is of significance for preventing the diseases.
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Objective To investigate the relationship between attribution style and negative emotion and personality characteristics of patients with gastric cancer. Methods Toally 62 gastric cancer patients hospitalized in our hospital during Nov. 2015 and May. 2016 were assigned as study group and another 65 healthy people in the same period as control group. The investigation was done among all patients with general situation questionnaire, attributional style questionnaire, neuroticism extraversion openness five-factor inventory, Hamilton anxiety scale and Hamilton depression scale. Results Compared with the control group, the total scores on positive events and each dimension in the case group had no significant difference as compared with the control group, while the score on the negative events was significantly increased (P<0.05). The scores on depression and anxiety in the case group were also significantly higher. The extraversion, neuroticism, conscientiousness, pleasant personality of the study group were significantly higher than those of the control group (P<0.05). The total score on negative events of the study group was negatively correlated with scores of extraversion, neuroticism and pleasant personality (P<0.05), and positively related to depression and anxiety (P<0.01). Conclusions In patients with gastric cancer, the negative event attribution is related with negative emotions postively and personality negatively. The intervened event attributional style is of significance for preventing the diseases.
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Abstract We used the virtual hand illusion paradigm to study how sense of agency and sense of (body) ownership can interact with different emotional events on stress feelings. Converging evidence for at least the partial independence of agency and ownership was found. For instance, sense of agency was a better predictor of individual anxiety levels than sense of ownership and males showed stronger effects related to agency—presumably due to gender-specific attribution styles and empathy skills. Moreover, agency and ownership also interacted with emotional events and led to different anxiety levels. Taken together, our findings suggest that the disentangled sense of agency and sense of ownership can interact with different emotional events and influenced stress feelings more in threatening situations than awarding ones.
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Humans , Male , Female , Adolescent , Adult , Anxiety/psychology , Emotions , EmpathyABSTRACT
OBJECTIVE: Attributional style, especially external personal attribution bias, was found to play a pivotal role in clinical and non-clinical paranoia. The study of the relationship of the tendency to infer/perceive hostility and blame with theory of mind skills has significant theoretical importance as it may provide additional information on how persons process social situations. The aim of this study was whether hostility perception bias and blame bias might be associated with theory of mind skills, neurocognition and emotional factors in healthy persons. METHODS: Total 263 participants (133 male and 130 female) were recruited. The attributional style was measured by using the Ambiguous Intentions Hostility Questionnaire (AIHQ). Participants were requested to complete a Brune's Theory of Mind Picture Stories task, neurocognitive task including Standard Progressive Matrices (SPM) and digit span, and other emotional dysregulation trait scales including Rosenberg's self-esteem, Spielberg's trait anxiety inventory, and Novaco anger scale. RESULTS: Multiple regression analysis showed that hostility perception bias score in ambiguous situation were found to be associated with theory of mind questionnaire score and emotional dysregulation traits of Novaco anger scale. Also, composite blame bias score in ambiguous situation were found to be associated with emotional dysregulation traits of Novaco anger scale and Spielberg's trait anxiety scale. CONCLUSION: The main finding was that the attributional style of hostility perception bias might be primarily contributed by theory of mind skills rather than neurocognitive function such as attention and working memory, and reasoning ability. The interpretations and implications would be discussed in details.
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Humans , Male , Anger , Anxiety , Bias , Hostility , Intention , Memory, Short-Term , Paranoid Disorders , Surveys and Questionnaires , Theory of Mind , Weights and MeasuresABSTRACT
Objective To explore the effects of attributional styles, coping styles, irrational beliefs on the severity of depression. Mehtods A cohort of 74 major depressed patients was collected on admission and at discharge. The assessment included Beck Depression Inventory ( BDI) , Irrational Beliefs Scale (IBS) , Coping Styles Questionnaire (CSQ) , Attributional Style Questionnaire ( ASQ) was applied to depressed patients and 55 normal controls. For the results of statistical analysis, cognitive model of depression was framed. Results The results of statistical analysis showed that low frustration tolerance global evaluation, problem-solving, stable for the negative e-vents play a significant role, problem-solving and stable for the negative events had a direct effects on depression( β= 0.30, P < 0.01; β = - 0.68, P < 0.01 ). low frustration tolerance has a indirect effects. Conclusion problem-solving and stable for the negative events have a direct effects on depression, low frustration tolerance has a indirect effects.
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Objective: To examine the effect of attributional style on individual’s state anxiety after failure. Methods: Rosenberg self-esteem scale was applied to select 122 subjects from 216 college students. The question was solved by combining the method of questionnaire inquiry with an experiment, and the data was analyzed by t-test and ANOVA. Results: ①From t-test, the mean score of low self-esteem subjects’ attributional style was 14.69, and that of high selfesteem is 12.93; ②From ANOVA, the anxiety difference, the main effect of self-esteem, attributional style and their interactive effects were significant, respectively F(1,118)=7.56,P
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Objective: To study the relationships among attributional style, self-efficacy and subjective well-being(SWB). Methods: 269 college students participated the study. Attributional Style Questionnaire , Self-efficacy Questionnaire and Subjective Well-being(SWB) Questionnaire were applied to the college students. Results: ① Attributional style predicated SWB, but three dimensions (internality-externality; whole-part; controllability-uncontrollability)of negative events were significant negative predicators of SWB. ② Self-efficacy was a significant positive predicator of SWB. ③ There were no differences in SWB between sexes and specialities. ④ There were significant differences in SWB between students with different self-efficacy levels, and the SWB of high self-efficacy group was better than that of the low self-efficacy group. Conclusion: College students'attributional style and self-efficacy impact their subjective well-being.Educators should cultivate students's positive attributional style and enhance their self-efficacy.
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Objective: To investigate the relationship between attributional style and personality. Methods: We measured undergraduates with Attributional Style Questionnaire(ASQ)and Sixteen Personality Factor Questionnaire(16-PF).Results: Students with high-sensitivity, high-insecurity, high-tension, anxiety, not tough poise and low marks in Mental Health are apt to have negative attributional style. These personalities are the nuclear personalities of negative attributional style. Students with high-suspiciousness, high-insecurity,anxiety and low marks in Academic Achievement and Adjustment are apt to attribute fatefully. Conclusion: The nuclear personalities for negative attributional style are high-sensitivity, high-insecurity, high-tension, anxiety, not tough poise and low marks in Mental Health.